Insulin, Glucagon and Insulin Resistance: How the Body Manages Blood Sugar, Why It Breaks, and Why Exercise Fixes It a Different Way

Insulin and glucagon are the two hormones from the pancreas that keep blood sugar in a narrow safe band - insulin bringing it down by storing fuel, glucagon pushing it up by releasing fuel. Insulin resistance is what happens when the tissues that should respond to insulin stop listening, and it is the quiet engine behind most of the metabolic disease in the modern world, running for a decade or more before it surfaces as type 2 diabetes. The good news buried in the biology is that exercise raises glucose uptake by a route that does not depend on insulin at all, which is why movement works even when insulin has stopped.

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