A 2025 meta-analysis of 29 photogrammetry studies and the US Preventive Services Task Force scoliosis statement set out what a coach can measure about posture, how well, and where a screen should hand over.

The segmental method turns a photo or a motion-capture frame into a single balance point. Four papers explain the tables it relies on, how they were built, and when the choice of table changes the answer.

A meta-analysis of 923 athletes and a reliability review of 14 studies put the scapular clearing and prone shoulder flexion tests in their place: repeatable descriptions of movement, not injury forecasts.

Two recent studies on trunk rotation testing show how much the position changes the number, how reliably trained raters can score it by eye, and what a restricted result actually measures in degrees.

Two meta-analyses on inter-limb asymmetry - one on whether it costs performance, one on how large it normally is - replace the poster threshold with numbers.

An MRI trial that trained one leg standing and the other seated, and a dose trial of 6, 9 and 12 weekly sets, settle which calf raise builds which muscle - and overturn half the folklore.

The story that muscle weakness causes movement faults is tested best at the hip and knee. Three syntheses show a real but task-specific, contested link - and why strength is only half of technique.

A lever, a cam and a chain load the muscle in different places. A 2026 network meta-analysis of 694 lifters says that matters for maximal strength (SMD 0.62), barely for power, and not at all for hypertrophy.

Forward shoulders respond to a rowing-and-opening programme across 22 pooled studies, but in an eight-week cohort of shoulder-pain patients the blade position and the symptoms moved independently. Screen it, train it, do not oversell it.

How to measure active and passive shoulder rotation, which device to trust, what a throwing-side internal rotation deficit means across 819 overhead athletes, and what 16 trials say about fixing it.

How the quadruped rotary stability pattern is run and scored, why the updated version finally made raters agree, and what 24 prospective cohorts say a low screen score can and cannot forecast.

One is paced to a metronome, the other is a one-minute count. Two systematic reviews of field fitness tests explain what each score can and cannot tell you, and which trunk tests the evidence actually rates highest.

A meta-analysis of 23 EMG studies and a five-angle trial in 30 trained lifters map exactly where each bench angle sends the work. The lower chest answers to flat and decline; the growth question is still open.

First pull, scoop, second pull, catch - and the force-plate data behind each. Peak power lived at 60 percent, not 90, the optimal load tracked relative strength, and a 2025 network meta-analysis ranked cleans first for sprinting, in probability only.

Is the Smith machine squat safer than a free barbell squat, or does the fixed bar path create its own problems? A look at what the research measures, and what a coach should make of it.

The biceps crosses the shoulder as well as the elbow, so it flexes both when it shortens. Why the upper arm creeps forward in a curl, what the EMG studies say about shoulder position, and how to set it up.

Every lift has a chain doing the work and a chain holding you in place. What the injury and range-of-motion evidence says about how position determines the target muscle and the risk.

Flexibility is a tissue property, range of motion is what you can measure, and mobility is a coaching word for the active version. How to test a client's joints without confusing the three.

The torso-parallel row from a dead stop and the upright, swinging gym row are different exercises. What the EMG studies say about back and spinal-erector demand, grip width and support.

Does lifting make distance runners faster? A 12-week trial in well-trained runners, a study of hamstring-to-quad balance in female runners, and two 2024 meta-analyses of 38 studies show what heavy lifting does to economy and race time.